Natural Sciences

post is of two assignments

Disparities in Disability by educational attainment across US states
Objectives: o Apply research methods to locate a peer reviewed source o Critically review, synthesize, and organize key points from the article o Use CSE formatting and documentation

Introduction:
An article review provides an opportunity to investigate advancements within an area of a discipline. It should challenge both your research and analytical skills as you report information and evaluate its significance.

Assignment: This assignment will familiarize you with locating, evaluating, and discussing a scientific article related to your chosen course theme. First, you will need to locate a peer reviewed journal article in the natural sciences. Once you review and annotate the source, you will write a detailed summary of your findings in at least two full pages that highlight the main points of the scientific article in a way that allows a non-scientific audience to grasp the concepts.1 However, with CSE style, one should be as objective as possible, and use more formal language. Though you are not required to use discipline-specific language, you are still to maintain formality. This includes using third-person only.

First, read and annotate the source carefully. Take notes, highlight specific passages, and look up key terms that may seem confusing.1 Next, outline the main ideas from the article in the order that you will need to present them in your summary. Note supporting facts and details that are necessary to understanding the main ideas.1 Consider what information is relevant to a non-scientific audience and what information can be discarded.1 Your article review will be placed in CSE format, both in manuscript form and the citation page. Use the “Writing a Journal Article Review” handout to help prepare. Consider the article’s objectives, theory, concepts, argument, method, evidence, values, contribution, style, and conclusion.2 Remember, CSE rarely uses direct quotes so rely on paraphrase.

2: Phosphodiesterase

Order Description

Fosamax( Alendronate) is derived from the drug class Phosphodiesterase. This class of drug prevents the loss of bone density by stopping bone resorption on osteoclast while decreasing the rate of bone resorption leading to an indirect increase in bone mineral density. Bisphosphonates is synthetic drug, meaning man made. It is used for the treatment and prevention of post-menapausal weakening of the bones, treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, and for the treatment of Paget’s disease.
Fosamax is not recommended for patients with renal impairments. While taking this drug, patient’s are instructed to have adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D intake. The effects of Fosamax may be decreased by the use of antacids, iron salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, and multi-vitamins with minerals. This drug may be taken in low doses daily or in larger doses weekly.
Side effects of taking Fosamax include: dizziness, bloating, flatulence, headache, flu like symptoms, constipation, diarrhea, or back pain. Serious signs or reaction to this drug includes wheezing, chest tightness, fever, itching of face, lips or throat. Patients showing signs and symptoms of an adverse reaction to this drug or any drug should seek medical attention right away.
My teaching includes:
1. Monitor blood pressure daily and keep a log
2. Use good oral hygiene and see a dentist at least every 6 months
3. Take Fosamax 30 minutes before breakfast and remain upright
4. Take with a full glass of water only
5. This medication should not be taken at night

discussion 2:the medication I chose from module 7 is Raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista). It belongs to the drug class selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). They are used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by slowing down the uptake of estrogen.
Action & Therapeutic Effect: Tamoxifen analog that exhibits selective estrogen receptor antagonist activity on uterus and breast tissue. Prevents tissue proliferation in both sites. Decreases bone resorption and increases bone density. Effectiveness indicated by increased bone mineral density. Reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer in high risk postmenopausal women (breast cancer in situ, or atypical hyperplasia).
Uses: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women; breast cancer prophylaxis.
Contraindications: Active or past history of a thromboembolic event, hypersensitivity to raloxifene, severe hepatic impairment, pregnancy (category X), or lactating.
Cautious Use: Concurrent use of raloxifene and estrogen hormone replacement therapy and lipid-lowering agents, hyperlipidemia, hepatic impairment, moderate or severe renal impairment.
Dosing: PO 60 mg for postmenopausal adults. Calcium and vitamin D supplements are recommend while taking this medication.
Drug interactions: Use of estrogens, warfarin, coumarin, and herbal soy isoflavones should all be avoided.
Patient teaching plan:
For this patient who is newly prescribed this medication I would inform her to not take and estrogen, warfarin, coumarin, and do not consume soy products while taking this medication. IT is recommended that you take calcium and vitamin D supplements while on this medication. Recommended dose is 1500 mg/day of calcium, and 400-800 units of vitamin D per day. Adverse effects of this medication include: Infection, flu-like syndrome, leg cramps, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, arthritis, migraine headache, depression, insomnia, hot flashes, chest pain, peripheral edema, decreased serum cholesterol, nausea, dyspepsia, vomiting, flatulence, GI disorder, gastroenteritis, weight gain. Respiratory: Sinusitis, pharyngitis, cough, pneumonia, laryngitis. Skin: Rash, sweating, vaginitis, UTI, cystitis, leukorrhea, endometrial disorder, breast pain, vaginal bleeding. Periodical lab test will be done to check your liver and kidney functions, and anticoagulation testing such as PT and INR. If you are currently taking cholestyramine do not take Evista. Avoid long periods of restriction of movement durring travel. Raloxifene is normally discontinued 72 hours prior to prolonged immobilization (post-surgical recovery, prolonged bedrest). If you experience any of these adverse effects, or prolonged restriction of movement please contact your doctor immediately.

discussion 3:
1. Explain the general actions of the medications in this classification and what they are used for.
Bisphosphonate are bone metabolism regulators. Bisphosphonates are a class of drug that is used to help prevent loss of bone density. This class of drug is used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases. Bisphosphonates are primary agents in the current pharmacological arsenal against osteoclast-mediated bone loss due to osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, malignancies metastatic to bone, multiple myeloma, and hypercalcemia of malignancy (Drake, 2008). This class of drug inhibits the resorption of bone by osteoclasts, and osteoblasts. The human body has pyrophosphate as a part of the normal by product of metabolism. Bisphosphonates are analogues of pyrophosphate which have potent inhibitory effects on bone resorption (Martin, 2000).
2. Choose one medication within the classification. Develop a teaching plan for a patient newly prescribed the medication you chose.
Fosamax also called Alendronate is used to help treat certain types of bone loss. Improvement in bone density may be seen as early as 3 months after you start taking Fosamax. Most commonly Fosamax will be prescribed in tablets. I would express the importance of taking this medication as prescribed. Missed doses of the once daily tablet should not be taken later in the day, they should wait until the following morning to take the medication and skip the missed dose. If a dose of the once weekly tablet is missed, the patient should take it the next morning and then return to the weekly schedule on the chosen dose day. It is important this patient knows to not take two tablets in one day. I would provide teaching on how to take Fosamax. This medication should be taken at least one-half hour before the first food, beverage, or medication of the day with plain water only. If this medication is taken with food or a beverage other than water or with other medications, it will lessen the effects of the Fosamax (Watts, 2010). This medication has the potential to cause esophageal irritation, so it is recommended that this medication be taken upon arising for the day. They also recommend that the tablet form be taken with a full six to eight ounces of water. If the medication is in oral solution form, it should be followed by at least two ounces of water. To further help prevent the esophageal irritation it is recommended to not lie down for at least thirty minutes after taking the medication. This medication should not be taken at night. I would go over side effects with this patient. Some side effects include, esophagus irritation, hypocalcemia, bone and joint muscle pain, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, and diarrhea. Some of the more serious side effects would include, difficulty swallowing, ulcers, and jaw problems. I would teach the patient that they need to consult with their provider before starting any new herbal remedies or over the counter medications. Fosamax tablets should be stored in a well closed container at room temperature

Bisphosphonates