AUDIT RISK AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Nike- Emergent and planned change
October 22, 2018ASSESSING CONTROL RISK
October 22, 2018The Lakeside Company: Auditing Cases
- AUDIT RISK AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
On June 28, 2012, Richard Abernethy, managing partner of Abernethy and Chapman, met with the firm’s three-member engagement review committee to discuss the Lakeside Company audit. He believes that issue of Lakeside’s public offering can be considered as a separate issue from the client acceptance. Although Abernethy admits that the job has some problems, he strongly recommends seeking Lakeside as an audit client. He describes Lakeside as an established Richmond company with an almost unlimited growth potential through the distributorship side of its business. Furthermore, he believes that the engagement offers an excellent opportunity for Abernethy and Chapman to gain entry into a new audit area: consumer electronics. If the public offering goes forward, Abernethy and Chapman can choose to be registered, or can arrange for an orderly transfer to another CPA firm at that time.
Abernethy indicated that he had talked with King and Company, the predecessor auditors. Abernethy not only described the controversy that had arisen over the auditor’s 2011 qualified opinion but also said that King and Company appeared to have no reservations about the integrity of Lakeside’s management. In addition, if retained, Abernethy and Chapman would be allowed to review the prior years’ audit documentation. Wallace Andrews, an audit manager with Abernethy and Chapman, then described to the committee his visit to the Lakeside Company headquarters. He found many elements of the company’s accounting system to be more appropriate to a smaller business but still judged that the financial records were capable of being audited.
After reviewing all of the pertinent information, the review committee unanimously recommended that the firm accept this engagement. Consequently, Abernethy met with Benjamin Rogers, president of Lakeside, during the subsequent week and a final oral agreement was reached. At this meeting, Abernethy presented Rogers with a report that highlights the impact of the public offering on Lakeside, on the audit fees, on Abernethy and Chapman, and on the accounting and control issues that would likely develop. Rogers was not put off by the potential problems, and seemed to appreciate that Abernethy was trying to help him make this difficult decision. Rogers has agreed to consider this additional information and consult with Abernethy as he makes the final decision to go public. He will be seeking alternative financing in the short-term so that his expansion plans can continue.
Several days later, Abernethy forwarded two copies of an engagement letter (see Exhibit 3-1) to Rogers, who signed one copy and returned it to the CPA firm. Rogers also
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contacted the previous auditors, King and Company, and gave them formal permission to show the Lakeside audit documentation to Abernethy and Chapman.
Three members of the organization were assigned to the engagement team and began to plan the audit. The members of the team included Dan Cline, partner; Wallace Andrews, manager; and Carole Mitchell, senior auditor. In addition, several staff auditors were available to assist this group whenever necessary. There was also a consulting partner, Bob Zimmerman, assigned. Although each of these auditors was involved in completing other engagements, a number of preliminary audit procedures were started during the months that followed. As the partner, Cline was responsible for the final review of all audit documentation produced during the Lakeside examination. To acquire the industry expertise needed to evaluate the client’s financial reporting, he set out to learn as much as possible about the selling and distribution of consumer electronics.
Dan Cline convened an audit planning session to discuss audit risk and the materiality level. All potential members of the team were present and participated in the brain-storming session. The team reviewed the fraud risk factors or potential problem areas that were previously determined by the firm (see Case 1). An independent auditor provides reasonable, not absolute, assurance; therefore, risk is not entirely eliminated. For the Lakeside engagement overall, and for each separate account or group of accounts, Abernethy and Chapman confronts an amount of risk called acceptable audit risk.
Acceptable audit risk (AAR) is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated even after the audit is completed and an unqualified (“clean”) opinion is given. If the firm desires a low level of risk, then they have to be more certain that the financial statements are not materially misstated. For example, if the AAR is 10%, then the auditor has to be 90% confident that the financial statements are fairly stated, and if the AAR is 5%, then the auditor has to be 95% confident. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between the AAR and the firm’s confidence in the fair presentation of the financial statements.
There are three components to AAR: inherent risk, control risk, and planned detection risk. Inherent risk (IR) is a measure of the susceptibility of material misstatement before considering the effectiveness of the internal control. The evaluation of inherent risk is based upon the nature of the client’s business and the susceptibility to misstatement in particular accounts. For example, due to the possibility of theft and the large number of transactions affecting the account, “cash” is normally considered to have a higher level of inherent risk than “prepaid expenses.” The auditor does not affect inherent risk, rather he or she seeks to assess the level within the client. Auditors evaluate these risks for the engagement as a whole and for each account and/or accounting cycle. The risks are typically stated either in qualitative terms such as high, moderate, or low risk, or in quantitative terms.
Control risk is a measure of the firm’s assessment of the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected by the client’s internal control. The evaluation of control risk is based upon the effectiveness of Lakeside’s internal control. For
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example, if the engagement team concludes that Lakeside’s internal control is poor, then control risk will be set at the maximum level. Like inherent risk, the auditor does not affect control risk, rather, he or she seeks to assess the level within the client.
Planned detection risk is a measure of the firm’s assessment of the likelihood that material misstatements that go undetected by the client’s internal control will also go undetected by the firm’s own audit procedures. The acceptable level of planned detection risk for an audit is inversely related to the firm’s assessment of inherent risk and control risk. If the inherent risk and the control risk are judged to be high for a particular account or the company as a whole, then the acceptable level of planned detection risk is low. With planned detection risk at a low level, the auditor must plan to do more (or a higher quality of) substantive testing.
In the planning stage of the audit, Andrews began to assess inherent risk by gaining an in-depth knowledge of Lakeside. He reviewed the audit documentation of the predecessor auditor and spent a number of days at Lakeside’s headquarters studying various aspects of the business while also talking with key employees. In addition, he toured three of the retail stores and, at another time, questioned two of the regional sales representatives about the organization of the company’s distributorship business.
Mitchell, the senior auditor, is in charge of making a preliminary assessment of control risk. In the initial stages of the engagement, she and staff auditor Art Heyman are evaluating the five components of internal control (see Case 4 for this evaluation).
Based on the assessments of inherent and control risks, Mitchell will determine the acceptable level of planned detection risk, which will allow her to recommend substantive auditing procedures for the Lakeside engagement. These substantive procedures will be capable (according to her judgment) of generating the sufficient, competent evidence needed to render a decision as to the fair presentation of the financial statements. However, before Mitchell’s program is put into action, a review by both Cline and Andrews will be required. In most audits, the partner and manager are likely to feel that additional testing is needed in certain audit areas whereas less evidence may be adequate in others.
The partners of Abernethy and Chapman stress that risk levels must be constantly monitored throughout an engagement. Hence, before the final audit program is prepared, a thorough investigation is made to identify all critical audit areas within the client’s financial records. A critical area is defined by the firm as any account balance, any procedure within a system, or any potential problem where either the materiality or the risk of material misstatement is so great as to threaten the fairness of the reported data. Although Mitchell understands that the determination of critical areas will influence the specific testing procedures to be included within the audit program, she also realizes that her firm has submitted a relatively low bid to get this engagement. Thus, she is aware that wasted time has to be avoided in order to complete the examination within the budgeted time period. By pinpointing any critical areas, Mitchell hopes to maximize audit efficiency.
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One of the principal techniques used during the assessment of inherent risk and to identify critical audit areas is called analytical procedures. Analytical procedures are considered so important that they are required to be performed during the initial planning stage and again at the final stage of the audit. According to auditing standards (AU 329), the objective of analytical procedures “is to identify such things as the existence of unusual transactions and events, and amounts, ratios and trends that might indicate matters that have financial statement and audit planning ramifications.” Analytical procedures do not necessarily indicate that a balance is correctly or incorrectly reported. However, if a recorded amount differs significantly from the expectation, additional investigation is warranted. There are five types of analytical procedures–those that compare the client’s data with:
1) industry data (such as industry average financial ratios),
2) similar prior-period data (such as account balances in the previous year),
3) client-determined expected results (such as budgeted amounts),
4) expected results using non-financial information (such as square footage and shelf space in a warehouse to estimate maximum inventory quantities), and
5) auditor-determined expected results (such as estimates from historical trends in accounts or financial ratios).
One of the most commonly applied analytical review procedures is called financial ratio analysis. Using this method allows an auditor to identify relationships among accounts that help to measure a company’s liquidity, solvency, and profitability. A summary of some typical financial ratios is included in Exhibit 3-2. An auditor can use these ratios to identify trends from prior periods or to compare with other companies in the same industry. Exhibit 3-3 includes average ratios of companies in Lakeside’s industry: consumer electronics.
Mitchell visited the Lakeside headquarters on October 17, 2012, to begin performing analytical procedures on that company’s financial information for the first nine months of the current year. Prior to this date, she had carefully reviewed the Lakeside financial statements for the past two years (Exhibits 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6). She also studied industry data developed for her by the audit partner, Dan Cline (Exhibit 3-3).
When Mitchell arrived at the client’s headquarters, she obtained from the controller’s office a trial balance for the first nine months of the current and previous years (Exhibit 3-7). Before beginning her analysis, she discussed the general ledger and trial balance procedures with Mark Hayes, the controller for Lakeside. He indicated that a trial balance is prepared every two weeks to provide company officials with current data. Copies of this trial balance are distributed to Mr. Rogers, Mr. Miller, Ms. Howell, Mr. Davis, and Mr. Thomas for their review (see Exhibit 4-1 for an organization chart). All ledger entries, except for inventory and cost of goods sold, come from a weekly posting of the company’s journals. The various inventory figures are generated from a weekly summary sheet provided by the computer center that maintains Lakeside’s perpetual inventory records. At the end of each quarter, estimated figures for depreciation and bonuses are included to present a more realistic net income figure for the period. Income taxes are also
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estimated by Hayes and paid quarterly to the government. In addition, to promote comparability in evaluating the stores, a monthly rental charge is included for Store 6. This figure, which is based on square footage and store location, is eliminated prior to preparation of external financial statements. However, company management believes that this expense is necessary for internal comparisons and decision making.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
(1) An independent auditor must document that an understanding of the audit engagement has been established with the client. An engagement letter is one method that can be used for this documentation. Why is this documentation required, and what should be included? Analyze the engagement letter prepared by Abernethy and Chapman (Exhibit 3-1). What specific responsibilities is the CPA firm accepting? What responsibilities are assigned to the client company?
(2) A client company will report balances for accounts such as Cost of Goods Sold. In order to perform analytical procedures, the auditor must develop expectations from as many sources as possible. The expected balance is then compared with the actual balance and any significant fluctuations are examined further. In the Lakeside case, what sources would be available to the auditor in arriving at an expected figure for Cost of Goods Sold?
(3) What potential problem areas would be inherent in auditing a business such as the Lakeside Company? In other words, what accounts or transactions would typically have a high level of inherent risk?
(4) An audit program is designed to generate sufficient evidence on which the auditor can base an opinion. How does the auditor know when sufficient evidence has been accumulated?
(5) Mitchell is going to perform analytical procedures on Lakeside’s trial balance and other accounting data. What is the quality of the evidence that is gathered by this substantive testing procedure? That is, how competent is evidence provided by analytical procedures compared with other types of evidence?
(6) How extensive should an auditor’s knowledge of a client’s industry be, and how does the auditor go about getting this type of information?
(7) This case suggests that price competition with other CPA firms was an important factor in securing this audit engagement. What are the potential problems for a CPA firm that can arise from acquiring clients through price competition?
(8) What is the relationship between control risk and planned detection risk? Also, discuss the relationship between the level of detection risk and the relative amount
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| Fraud |
| Ratio | 2010 | 2011 | Significance of Change |
| Current | 1.36 | 1.36 | No significant fluctuation, indicating a stable liquidity position (based on this measure of liquidity) |
(b)
| Ratio | Industry Ave. | Lakeside 2011 | Significance of Change |
| Current | 2.16 | 1.36 | Lakeside is below the industry average. This may indicate short-term solvency problems |
(c)
| Procedure | Findings | Significance |
| Scan the trial balances. | A debit balance appears in the “Allowance for Doubtful Accounts” account. [Note: you may have more than one “finding” for each procedure]. | Bad accounts may be increasing or a debit entry may have been misposted. |
(2) Determine the appropriate level of inherent risk for the Lakeside Engagement as a whole, using qualitative terms (high, moderate, or low inherent risk). Based upon an analysis of the information in this case, Case 1, and Case 2, is the inherent risk for the Lakeside Company as a whole high, moderate or low? Fully support and discuss your analysis of inherent risk. Document your analysis of inherent risk by completing the form in Exhibit 3-8. The first line is completed for you as an example.
APPLY YOUR RESEARCH
Use library resources such as searchable databases to research the following topics.
(1) The assessment of risk is an important topic in auditing. Write a report identifying the types of risk that are found in an audit. Describe each of these risks. Discuss the methods by which the various risk levels are assessed by the auditor. Finally, describe the interrelationships among these risks.
(2) Write a report discussing the auditor’s use of analytical procedures in conducting an audit. What are the primary analytical procedures that auditors use? Why are analytical procedures necessary on an audit? How do they help an auditor be more efficient and effective? At what stages of an audit are analytical procedures applied?
(3) Two of the biggest public companies in Lakeside’s industry (consumer electronics) are Best Buy and Radio Shack. Obtain the most recent financial statements for these companies from www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml or from the companies’ websites. Compute the ratios in Exhibit 3-2 for each of these companies. How does Lakeside compare with these companies in terms of liquidity, profitability, and solvency?
CONSULTING PARTNER REVIEW
Bob Zimmerman, the consulting partner on the Lakeside engagement, is concerned about the following issues and would like for you to respond to them. The audio clips are available online at www.prenhall.com/arens.
(1) Inherent risk in the consumer electronics industry.
(2) Independence rules for nonpublic clients.
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Exhibit 3-1
Abernethy & Chapman
801 East Main Street
Certified Public Accountants
Richmond, Virginia 23235
July 17, 2012 Mr. Benjamin M. Rogers, President The Lakeside Company Box 887 Richmond, Virginia 23173 Dear Mr. Rogers: This letter will confirm our understanding concerning the examination of the financial statements of the Lakeside Company for the year ending December 31, 2012. We will audit the company’s financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2012, for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the fairness with which they present, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. We will conduct our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we obtain reasonable, rather than absolute, assurance that the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether caused by error or fraud. Accordingly, a material misstatement may remain undetected. Also, an audit is not designed to detect error or fraud that is immaterial to the financial statements; therefore, the audit will not necessarily detect misstatements less than this material level that might exist because of error, fraudulent financial reporting, or misappropriation of assets. If, for any reason, we are unable to complete the audit or are unable to form or have not formed an opinion, we may decline to express an opinion or decline to issue a report as a result of the engagement. Although an audit includes obtaining an understanding of internal control sufficient to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures to be performed, it is not designed to provide assurance on internal control or to identify reportable conditions. However, we are responsible for ensuring that the audit committee is aware of any reportable conditions that come to our attention. The financial statements are the responsibility of the company’s management. Management is also responsible for (1) establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reports, (2) identifying and ensuring the company complies with the laws and regulations applicable to its activities, (3) making all financial records and related information available to us, and (4) providing to us at the conclusion of the engagement a representation letter that, among other things, will confirm management’s responsibility for the preparation of the financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, the availability of financial records and related data, the completeness and availability of all minutes of the board and committee meetings, and to the best of its knowledge and belief, the absence of fraud involving management or those employees who have a significant role in the entity’s internal control. As part of our engagement for the year ending December 31, 2012, we will also prepare the federal and state income tax returns for the Lakeside Company. Mr. Dan Cline will be the partner in charge of all audit work. He will inform you immediately if we encounter any circumstances which could significantly affect our fee estimate of $60,000 that was discussed with you this past week. Mr. Cline has
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suggested a due date of February 22, 2013, for the audit report. For our work to be as efficient as possible, we understand that your staff will provide a year-end trial balance by January 17, 2013, and an interim trial balance for the first three quarters of the year by October 17, 2012. In addition, your staff will provide us with certain audit documentation, which we shall discuss with you in the next few days. Timely completion of this work will facilitate the completion of our audit. If these specifications are in accordance with your understanding of the terms of our engagement, please sign below and return the duplicate copy of this letter to us. We appreciate the opportunity to serve you. Yours truly,
Richard Abernethy, CPA Abernethy and Chapman
Accepted by ________________________________ Date ________________________________