Cardiac Cycle and Output

Read Chapter 11 pages 356, 363-367(7^th edition pp. 359, 366-370)

Read all of Chapter 14 but do not worry about the calculations on pp. 437-440(7^th edition pp. 440-443)

• Describe the ionic basis of action potentials in cardiac contractile and autorhythmic cells
• Explain the relationship between refractory periods and the absence of summation in cardiac muscle contraction
• Identify the source of the ‘lub-dup’ heart sounds heard by auscultation
• Describe the electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle and their relationship to an electrocardiogram
• Identify normal heart rhythms
• Interpret graphs of ventricular volume, heart sounds, and ECG during a cardiac cycle
• Identify how EDV and ESV change during exercise
• Explain, quantitatively and qualitatively, how heart rate and stroke volume affect cardiac output
• Explain how autonomic nerves regulate heart rate and contractility
• Use cardiac output and stroke volume calculations
• Identify the factors that affect stroke volume
• Identify the factors which affect venous return
• Distinguish between the somatic and autonomic branches of the nervous system
• Distinguish between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system
• Describe the structure, neurotransmitters and receptors of the autonomic nervous system.

Blood Pressure

Read Chapter 15 pp. 477-496 (7^th edition pp. 478-497)

Read Chapter 25.3-25.5 Cardiovascular Response to Exercise, Feedforward Response, Temperature Regulation (7^th edition pp. 791-794)

• Explain how capillary perfusion is regulated
• Explain how the elasticity of arteries affects diastolic pressure
• Describe the theory of sphygmomanometry
• Calculate mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure
• Describe the baroreceptor reflex and the compensatory responses to hypotension/hypovolemia and hypertension/hypervolemia
• Explain how MAP is affected by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume, and blood distribution
• Define peripheral resistance and explain its relationship to metabolic activity of tissues and sympathetic control
• Describe the control of the cardiovascular system during exercise