Cultural Aspects of Time and Ageing

Cultural Aspects of Time and Ageing

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1:Cultural Aspects of Time and Ageing,”

Anthropologist Cecil Helman (2005) (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. identifies how time in the Western world is frequently perceived as “a form of currency or commodity, which can be ‘spent,’ ‘wasted,’ ‘saved,’ or ‘given’ [and that…] it can be ‘free,’ ‘spare,’ ‘extra,’ or ‘overtime’” (p. S54). In this sense, time becomes intertwined with our notions of work, leisure, and productivity and can be a referent for a broad array of emotions as diverse and far ranging as prideful accomplishment to a shameful sense of “wasting” time. Helman also notes that in Western societies most people “live at the intersection of several different forms of cultural time” (p. S55), and he lists these forms as:
• Clock time: “the 24-hour cycle…regulated by clocks”;
• Developmental time: “the linear model of human development…imposed on the life path of children and adolescents….that indicates the timing of children’s developmental milestones”;
• Calendrical time: “the division of the year, based upon the natural world…into days, weeks, and months”;
• National time: which is “specific to an individual nation state, and includes its annual public holidays and celebrations;
• Religious time: which is “linked to the weekly cycles of Sabbaths and workdays as well as to the annual feasts, fasts, and festivals” associated with religious observance;
• Bureaucratic time: “the time cycle of workplaces and educational institutions”;
• Social relationship time: “the specific events of an individual’s personal social network…[such as] birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, or memorial days”; and
• Symbolic rebirths: these times “can occur after major points of transition or crises in the life cycle” such as major illnesses, giving birth, or divorce. (Quoted material: Helman 2 005, pp. S55-56)
In the Time chapter in the textbook, the authors provide numerous examples of how various contemporary artists explore time in their work. write an “expository” essay.
• Identify and analyze issues and problems relating to contemporary art, artists, and the institutional frameworks in which art is experienced; and
• Define, apply, and convey his / her understandings of and opinions about contemporary art in discipline-specific written conventions.

Sources
1. Helman, C. G. 2005. “Cultural Aspects of Time and Ageing.” In EMBO Reports, 6 July 2005, S54–S58. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369268/. Accessed: 6 May 2015.

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1. Considering the primary stakeholders involved (e.g., internal vs. external; family vs. non-family, etc.), critically discuss the major challenges and issues that family firms face during the succession process.

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