Pregnancy Test

post has three assignments

Are you frustrated with the many problems we having been having recently? Every time a program nears an end numerous
problems arise and the company ends up taking a direct financial hit. I have found an excellent way that will save the
company from having these problems and I am requesting time off to further research the solution so that I may present it
to you. I strongly believe that my solution will benefit the company greatly in helping to eliminate the problems we have
been having as well as save the company the money that we have been losing.

Presently all of ROMA employees work from home and even though we meet as often as possible to inform the team about
each other’s effort there is still a lot of information that is not being shared with each other. I propose that we have a
network set up that allows each employee to log into a secure system and have all work stored on the network. This will
allow information to be shared with all authorized employee. As you are aware we all work on our own and having this
information immediately accessible to everyone is a vital part of productivity. Many times our employees are unable to
complete certain task because we are waiting on information from each other. Having this system set up will alleviate
those problems because information would be immediately available to allow us to continue to work uninterrupted. The
physical location of the network will be at ROMA’s office. Each employee will then be given specific information on how to
access the networkthis will include a username and a password. Now there is a cost associated with the setting up of the
network system but I was fortunate to find a company who will provide the service at a very reasonable cost. This will
include equipment, installation, training, security and maintenance for the system. I have asked the company to provide a
quote which will be included in my report. During my absence, Audrey will handle my responsibilities as well as hers as you
are aware this is a down time for the company and not much is being done so this will in no way affect her work for the
company nor will it affect mine. I will be away for no more than one week.

As you will soon find out this system will be of great benefit to the company, being able to efficiently communicate and
share information continuously is precisely what we will be able to do. The CFO is having difficulty tracking spending
because all the information is not available to him; this problem will also be eliminated and the company will be able to
streamline all accounts long before any of the programs end. There is no need for the company to continue to suffer a loss
in order to make a living.

I am asking for you to consider my proposal and to make a decision soon. I will need a written authorization from you in
order to proceed. There will be no special arrangements needed nor will I need to have to make any travels plans since I
will be working from home. My research will take approximately one week and I will have the report on your desk on
Monday December 8, 2012 at 9:00 am.Time is of essence here and as soon as we can implement this solution I am confident
we can do our jobs better and not worry about the endless problems that are currently plaguing the company.

Research Paper outline
Purpose: To Inform
Topic: To keep pace in an increasingly competitive world, a business needs to run as efficiently as possible. Currently
ROMA employees spend too much time communicating with each other for information that is only available to one
person. By giving employees secure, consistent access to information anytime,ROMA can have an advantage over larger
competitors because they can react quickly to business changes
**ROMA is a weatherization company and ROMA stands for Ralph A. McMillan and associates**
Introduction: Give a few examples of how many times employees have tried to reach each other but are unable to get the
information they request in a timely manner, resulting in loss of productivity and opportunities.

1. Give employees secure, consistent access to information
a. By supplying a secure, reliable network based on intelligent routers and switches
b. Allowing your employees to gain access to information
c. Equip your employees with the tools they need to keep ahead of competitors.

2. Deliver anytime, anywhere access to employees on the go
a. To stay productive on the move, your employees need to be able to reach the people and information they need
—anywhere, anytime.
b. With tools like virtual private networks (VPNs), your employees can work outside the office and still enjoy safe
access to the business network.

3. Make it easy to work together.
a. Smooth collaboration between employees, partners, suppliers, and customers is a sure-fire way to boost efficiency
while also reducing costs.
b. An intelligent network lets your business take advantage of interactive calendaring, unified communications, and
other technologies for easy collaboration

4. Enable employees to share information wherever they go
a. Not sharing informationcreates project delays, wasted opportunities, and lost revenues.
b. With a network system, your employees can have access to information simultaneously where ever they go.
c. Staff can access much neededinformation from anywhere, checking for e-mail, voicemail, and faxes from just one
inbox.

5. Financial Risk (disadvantages)
a. Where there is great opportunity, there is often great risk.
b. Investing in this new venturerequires a substantial investment; it also presents significant financial risk.
c. Securing the required funding is the first step to starting this new venture.
d. Carefully calculate all of your associated costs to determine if you can afford to fund the initial investment or if
you will need to apply for a loan.

6. Maintenance & Security (disadvantages)
7. Sometimes they are not reliable and will need constant maintenanceto maintain reliability
8. Difficult configuration is also the disadvantage of the intelligent networks because it is created with the help of
small pieces of hardware
9. Will need constant security updates and monitoring to maintain the integrity of the system.

7. Streamline customer communications. (Benefits)
a. Delivering fast, knowledgeable service is the best way to keep customers satisfied.
b. Linking your network phone system to a customer relationship management (CRM) solution is a great way to
enhance customer communications.
c. Customers now have easy access to communicate with the company.

8. Improve employee satisfaction. (Benefits)
a. Not having access to important information frustrates employees, can frustrate your employees and annoy your
customers. In some cases, an employee might become burned out and decide to move on.
b. To help ensure that employees are productive and satisfied, your business needs a secure, reliable, and fast
network that you employees can have access to 24 hours a day.

Conclusion: Investing in this form of technology is no longer an option for small businesses to remain competitive, it’s
absolutely essential in today’s digital age. Adopting even the most basic technology tools will help level the playing field
for small businesses and enable more small firms grow to the next level.

2:Pregnancy Test

Should hospitals test pregnant women for drug use without their coQUESTION: Should hospitals test pregnant women for
drug use without their consent?

ANSWER this moral question in terms of the utilitarian considerations, who will be helped and who hurt over the long term,
and the matters of rights for all involved (e.g., the right to privacy, warrantless search and seizure) AND deontological
considerations, I have to right for the greater good. USE the basics of UTILITARIAN and DEONTOLOGICAL reasoning below
in order to make out your point.

Utilitarianism – when we make a moral choice we must do a cost/benefit analysis where the common denominator is
human happiness. An action is good if it creates more happiness than unhappiness. We are concerned here with everyone
who might be involved. Each person?s welfare must be considered, and considered equally. Utilitarian?s are concerned with
everyone’s happiness equally. No one person’s happiness is more important than any other person’s pleasure. Furthermore,
Utilitarian always looks to the long term. Utility is never maximized for now. Rather, we attempt to see how the greatest
good for the greatest number can be affected over time.

STEP 1: PLEASE ANSWER THIS IN SPREADSHEET FORM: When making a moral decision, take the time to think of everyone that
might be hurt or helped by the action. MAKE a simple "FOR" column and "AGAINST" column. On each
side note how much each person involved (society as a whole included if that is relevant) will be helped or hurt by the
action that pregnant women are tested for drugs without their consent. Total it up. The action will be right if the greatest
number of people is better off by taking that action. The action is wrong if the greatest number of people will be harmed.

Deontological – here we assess the rights people have and what duties might go along with them without consideration
given to consequences. I have a right to speak my mind, for example, especially when it is not for the greater good.

STEP 2: PLEASE ANSWER THIS IN MS WORD (ESSAY) FORM: Decide in this case whose rights are to be respected. Were basic
human rights violated? Did the company have a contractual duty to provide something that they did not, e.g., a safe
workplace, or a safe product? Was a civil right violated, e.g., the right to privacy via drug testing? On both sides of the issue
you will see rights correlating to duties. Be clear who has an obligation or duty, and to whom. Are the rights positive or
negative? Lay them out one at a time on both sides of the issue and see which are most important to you.

REFERENCE: USE American Medical News; Chicago; Foubister, V. Drug tests of non-consenting pregnant women quashed.
(April 9, 2001; located below in Abstract)

Abstract:

The Supreme Court has ruled that physicians and other employees of public hospitals cannot perform drug tests on
pregnant women without their consent and report the results to the police. The policy for testing pregnant women
developed by the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston violates the Fourth Amendment.
Supreme Court rules hospital’s policy is unconstitutional, but leaves unanswered whether there are conditions under which
medical privacy can be justifiably invaded.
PHYSICIANS AND OTHER EMPLOYEES of public hospitals cannot perform drug tests on pregnant women without their
consent and report the results to the police, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled last month.
In a 6-3decision, the court found that a policy developed by the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston that led
to the arrest of pregnant women and new mothers who tested positive for cocaine use violates the Fourth Amendment.
"The ruling substantiates the confidential relationship between a patient and physician," said Timothy T.
Flaherty, MD, chair-elect of the American Medical Association, one of a number of medical organizations that wrote or
signed onto amicus curiae briefs challenging the policy’s public health benefits.
Two lower courts had held that a pregnant woman’s use of cocaine creates a special need beyond normal law enforcement
goals and that the Charleston policy advanced this public interest with minimal intrusion.
But Justice John Paul Stevens, writing the majority opinion, said that the special-needs exception does not apply to a policy
that has as its "central and indispensable feature" the use of law enforcement.
"While the ultimate goal of the program may well have been to get the women … into substance abuse treatment and
off drugs, the immediate objective of the searches was to generate evidence for law enforcement purposes in order to reach
that goal," he said.
Unanswered questions
Medical Professionals emphasized that the court’s finding in this case strengthens the fiduciary relationship of doctors to
their patients.
"The physician really is required to be the agent of the patient, and responsibilities of law enforcement are simply
incompatible with that role," explained Robert Sade, MD, director of the Institute of Human Valuesin Health Care at
MUSC and a member of the AMA’s Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs.
But the decision also left many questions unanswered.
It did not resolve whether the 10 women who brought the case consented to the drug tests when they gave broad consent
to receive care and instead remanded this decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Va.
How much detail needs to be spelled out for adequate informed consent is a "very important question from a clinical
point," Dr. Sade said. "For example, what is the purpose of taking a urine specimen and what is the intended use
of the information?"
Further, the court did not address whether there are conditions under which medical privacy can be justifiably invaded or if
harming a fetus is the same thing as harming a child.
South Carolina law regards a viable fetus as a person. Further, the state Supreme Court held in1995 that a woman’s use of
cocaine during the third trimester of pregnancy constitutes criminal child neglect.
Attorney General Charlie Condon appears determined to continue prosecuting these cases. "We will notify law
enforcement that the usual search and seizure requirements must be followed and that the drug tests cannot be performed
without either obtaining a search warrant or the individual’s consent," he said in a statement responding to the
court’s decision.
Misdirected policy
MUSC’S DRUG TESTING PROGRAM was initiated in 1989 and then discontinued five years later.
The university developed the policy "in good faith" with other governmental agencies, "to reduce risks
from illegal drug use during pregnancy and thereby protect the children of those pregnancies," according to a March
21 statement.
Most health professionals now agree that the habitual use of alcohol and tobacco, two substances that were not part of the
testing program, pose a significantly greater risk to fetal health than cocaine.
Further, the threat of incarceration has not been shown to counter drug use among pregnant women. Its more likely effect
is to deter these women from seeking necessary prenatal care.
"When somebody takes illicit drugs, we need to treat them with compassion and respect and maintain their
dignity," said Mohammad N. Akhter, MD, MPH, executive director of the American Public Health Assn. "They need
treatment not jail."

3:The Play Embodies Tensions

Glass Discuss how the play embodies tensions between the ?old? and ?new? worlds. How does the play identify or define
these separate worlds, and which events and character-relations best illustrate the inherent tensions between them.

Embodies Tensions